Multiple Choice Questions for Behavioral Sciences
Contents
Multiple Choice Questions for Behavioral Sciences
1. The field of psychology primarily studies:
A) Economic behavior
B) Human behavior and mental processes
C) Political systems
D) Biological systems
Answer: B) Human behavior and mental processes
2. Sociology is the study of:
A) The mind and emotions
B) Societal structure, institutions, and social behavior
C) Economic principles
D) Environmental systems
Answer: B) Societal structure, institutions, and social behavior
3. Human growth and development refers to:
A) Physical changes in an individual only
B) The entire process of biological, cognitive, and emotional changes from birth to adulthood
C) Only psychological changes
D) Changes that occur only during adolescence
Answer: B) The entire process of biological, cognitive, and emotional changes from birth to adulthood
4. Which of the following factors does NOT significantly influence human growth and development?
A) Heredity
B) Environment
C) Social interactions
D) Dietary supplements
Answer: D) Dietary supplements
5. Personality development refers to:
A) Changes in an individual’s physical health
B) The formation of unique patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion
C) The ability to learn new languages
D) Development of communication skills only
Answer: B) The formation of unique patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion
See Also: Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Pediatric Nursing
6. Freud’s theory of personality development emphasizes:
A) The role of environmental factors
B) The importance of unconscious processes and childhood experiences
C) The significance of education
D) The impact of dietary habits
Answer: B) The importance of unconscious processes and childhood experiences
7. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory focuses on:
A) Cognitive development in children
B) Stages of emotional and social development across the lifespan
C) The role of genetics in behavior
D) Nutrition and physical growth
Answer: B) Stages of emotional and social development across the lifespan
8. Which of the following is NOT a stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development?
A) Trust vs. Mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. Shame
C) Integrity vs. Despair
D) Independence vs. Dependence
Answer: D) Independence vs. Dependence
9. Jean Piaget is best known for his theory of:
A) Psychosocial development
B) Cognitive development
C) Psychosexual stages
D) Social learning
Answer: B) Cognitive development
10. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is characterized by logical thinking and the ability to perform operations on abstract ideas?
A) Sensorimotor stage
B) Preoperational stage
C) Concrete operational stage
D) Formal operational stage
Answer: D) Formal operational stage
11. Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory is concerned with:
A) Moral development
B) Physical growth
C) Language acquisition
D) Cognitive impairments
Answer: A) Moral development
12. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preoperational
Answer: D) Preoperational
13. Socialization is the process by which individuals:
A) Learn to speak a new language
B) Acquire and internalize the values, behaviors, and norms of their society
C) Develop their physical abilities
D) Improve their biological functions
Answer: B) Acquire and internalize the values, behaviors, and norms of their society
14. Which of the following is an agent of socialization?
A) Family
B) Media
C) Education
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
15. Motivation refers to:
A) The process of encouraging others
B) Internal processes that initiate, guide, and sustain goal-directed behavior
C) External rewards given to individuals
D) The act of moving physically
Answer: B) Internal processes that initiate, guide, and sustain goal-directed behavior
16. Which of the following theories of motivation focuses on basic physiological needs being met before higher psychological needs?
A) Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
B) Erikson’s psychosocial theory
C) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
D) Pavlov’s classical conditioning
Answer: C) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
17. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following is at the base of the pyramid?
A) Self-actualization
B) Esteem
C) Physiological needs
D) Love and belonging
Answer: C) Physiological needs
18. The ability to store and retrieve information over time is known as:
A) Motivation
B) Memory
C) Perception
D) Learning
Answer: B) Memory
19. Which type of memory is used for storing information temporarily?
A) Short-term memory
B) Long-term memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Procedural memory
Answer: A) Short-term memory
20. The learning process through which individuals associate a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus is called:
A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Social learning
D) Cognitive development
Answer: B) Classical conditioning
21. B.F. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning emphasizes the role of:
A) Rewards and punishments in shaping behavior
B) Unconscious processes
C) Language development
D) Cognitive stages
Answer: A) Rewards and punishments in shaping behavior
22. Which of the following is NOT a type of conflict according to behavioral science?
A) Interpersonal conflict
B) Intrapersonal conflict
C) Role conflict
D) Genetic conflict
Answer: D) Genetic conflict
23. Conflict management strategies include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Avoidance
B) Compromise
C) Escalation
D) Collaboration
Answer: C) Escalation
24. The term “hospital as a social system” refers to:
A) The clinical structure of the hospital
B) The organization of the hospital as a social institution that impacts interactions and relationships
C) The biological functions within the hospital
D) None of the above
Answer: B) The organization of the hospital as a social institution that impacts interactions and relationships
25. The health care team in a hospital setting consists of:
A) Only doctors and nurses
B) A wide range of professionals including doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and therapists
C) Only administrative staff
D) Patients and their families
Answer: B) A wide range of professionals including doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and therapists
26. The purpose of effective conflict management in healthcare is to:
A) Avoid all disagreements
B) Resolve issues in a way that improves team performance and patient outcomes
C) Limit communication between staff members
D) Increase stress among the team
Answer: B) Resolve issues in a way that improves team performance and patient outcomes
27. A common cause of interpersonal conflict in healthcare settings is:
A) Miscommunication or lack of communication
B) Biological factors
C) Cognitive development
D) Financial status
Answer: A) Miscommunication or lack of communication
28. Which of the following social factors can influence a patient’s health?
A) Economic status
B) Education level
C) Cultural background
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
29. The “sick role” refers to:
A) A person’s responsibilities when they are sick
B) The expectations of behavior and responsibilities that society has for individuals who are ill
C) The behavior of healthcare professionals
D) A type of medical treatment
Answer: B) The expectations of behavior and responsibilities that society has for individuals who are ill
30. Which of the following is NOT considered an agent of socialization?
A) Family
B) Television
C) Genetics
D) School
Answer: C) Genetics
31. Which of the following is a characteristic of Maslow’s “self-actualization”?
A) Reaching one’s full potential
B) Satisfying basic physiological needs
C) Achieving financial success
D) Avoiding conflict
Answer: A) Reaching one’s full potential
32. According to Freud, the unconscious mind contains:
A) Thoughts and desires that are inaccessible to the conscious mind
B) All memories from childhood
C) Only rational thoughts
D) None of the above
Answer: A) Thoughts and desires that are inaccessible to the conscious mind
33. Erikson’s stage of “Integrity vs. Despair” typically occurs during:
A) Infancy
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Answer: D) Late adulthood
34. In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment, the ringing bell was initially a:
A) Conditioned stimulus
B) Unconditioned stimulus
C) Neutral stimulus
D) Response
Answer: C) Neutral stimulus
35. The ability to influence or control others is referred to as:
A) Power
B) Motivation
C) Learning
D) Socialization
Answer: A) Power
36. In health care, effective teamwork is essential because:
A) It limits communication between professionals
B) It improves patient outcomes and enhances the quality of care
C) It increases conflict among team members
D) It is not important for patient care
Answer: B) It improves patient outcomes and enhances the quality of care
37. The term “attitude” refers to:
A) An individual’s feelings and beliefs about a person, object, or situation
B) The ability to make rational decisions
C) A person’s physical health
D) The actions a person takes toward others
Answer: A) An individual’s feelings and beliefs about a person, object, or situation
38. Which of the following is a key factor in managing conflicts within a healthcare team?
A) Avoiding the conflict
B) Clear and open communication among team members
C) Limiting the role of team members
D) Ignoring disagreements
Answer: B) Clear and open communication among team members
39. The National Health Insurance Policy aims to:
A) Provide free education to students
B) Ensure access to affordable healthcare for all citizens
C) Control the spread of infectious diseases
D) Improve the communication skills of healthcare workers
Answer: B) Ensure access to affordable healthcare for all citizens
40. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the “id” is primarily concerned with:
A) Rational thinking
B) Moral decision-making
C) Immediate gratification of basic needs and desires
D) Long-term planning
Answer: C) Immediate gratification of basic needs and desires
41. Which of the following refers to the scientific study of the mind and behavior?
A) Sociology
B) Psychology
C) Anthropology
D) Philosophy
Answer: B) Psychology
42. The primary focus of sociology is the study of:
A) Individual mental processes
B) Social behavior, institutions, and society
C) Biological changes
D) Cognitive development
Answer: B) Social behavior, institutions, and society
43. The principle that “development proceeds from the head downward” is known as:
A) Cephalocaudal development
B) Proximodistal development
C) Psychosocial development
D) Cognitive development
Answer: A) Cephalocaudal development
44. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development includes:
A) Four stages of development
B) Eight stages of development, each with a unique psychosocial challenge
C) Six stages of development based on cognitive growth
D) Three stages of moral development
Answer: B) Eight stages of development, each with a unique psychosocial challenge
45. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that children learn by:
A) Memorizing facts
B) Interacting with their environment
C) Imitating others
D) Watching television
Answer: B) Interacting with their environment
46. According to Piaget, children in the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) learn about the world through:
A) Abstract thinking
B) Language acquisition
C) Their senses and motor actions
D) Problem-solving tasks
Answer: C) Their senses and motor actions
47. Which of the following is NOT a type of personality disorder described by Freud?
A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Concrete
Answer: D) Concrete
48. In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the preconventional stage is characterized by:
A) Understanding abstract ethical principles
B) Behavior driven by rewards and punishments
C) Social order and law
D) The desire for mutual interpersonal expectations
Answer: B) Behavior driven by rewards and punishments
49. The process by which individuals learn to function within their society is called:
A) Conflict management
B) Socialization
C) Motivation
D) Conditioning
Answer: B) Socialization
50. Which of the following is NOT a primary agent of socialization?
A) Family
B) Peer groups
C) Media
D) Genetics
Answer: D) Genetics
51. Motivation can be defined as:
A) The process of learning new behaviors
B) The driving force that initiates and directs behavior toward a goal
C) A form of personality development
D) A biological factor
Answer: B) The driving force that initiates and directs behavior toward a goal
52. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?
A) Self-actualization
B) Esteem needs
C) Safety needs
D) Physiological needs
Answer: D) Physiological needs
53. An example of intrinsic motivation would be:
A) Receiving a paycheck for work
B) Participating in an activity for personal satisfaction and enjoyment
C) Winning a competition for a prize
D) Studying to avoid punishment
Answer: B) Participating in an activity for personal satisfaction and enjoyment
54. Socialization in nursing refers to:
A) Nurses working alone without interaction
B) Nurses acquiring the values, norms, and behaviors needed to function within the healthcare team
C) Nurses ignoring the social aspects of care
D) Nurses working only with patients
Answer: B) Nurses acquiring the values, norms, and behaviors needed to function within the healthcare team
55. According to Freud, the part of the personality responsible for making moral decisions is the:
A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Unconscious
Answer: C) Superego
56. The concept of the “sick role” was introduced by:
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Jean Piaget
D) B.F. Skinner
Answer: B) Talcott Parsons
57. Which type of memory is responsible for temporarily holding information for immediate use?
A) Long-term memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Short-term memory
D) Procedural memory
Answer: C) Short-term memory
58. An individual’s personality is shaped by:
A) Genetics alone
B) Environmental factors only
C) A combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors
D) Educational background
Answer: C) A combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors
59. Conflict in healthcare settings is most often caused by:
A) Personality clashes
B) Financial concerns
C) Communication problems and differences in values or goals
D) Environmental factors
Answer: C) Communication problems and differences in values or goals
60. The purpose of conflict management in healthcare is to:
A) Avoid any disagreements
B) Resolve conflicts to improve teamwork and patient care outcomes
C) Increase competition among healthcare workers
D) Reduce communication between team members
Answer: B) Resolve conflicts to improve teamwork and patient care outcomes
61. Social factors that influence health include:
A) Cultural beliefs and practices
B) Education and economic status
C) Social support systems
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
62. A healthcare team is effective when:
A) It consists of only doctors and nurses
B) Team members collaborate and communicate openly to provide optimal care
C) It avoids conflicts entirely
D) It works independently without interaction
Answer: B) Team members collaborate and communicate openly to provide optimal care
63. Which of the following best describes “attitudes”?
A) External expressions of emotion
B) Mental and emotional states related to beliefs, feelings, and behavior toward something
C) Only physical reactions
D) A type of memory
Answer: B) Mental and emotional states related to beliefs, feelings, and behavior toward something
64. When managing a difficult patient interaction, the nurse should:
A) Avoid the situation entirely
B) Use therapeutic communication and remain calm
C) React defensively to the patient’s behavior
D) Limit communication
Answer: B) Use therapeutic communication and remain calm
65. Which stage in Erikson’s psychosocial theory is characterized by “Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt”?
A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Late adulthood
Answer: B) Early childhood
66. The theory that people learn behavior by observing others is called:
A) Social learning theory
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Behavioral conditioning
D) Conflict theory
Answer: A) Social learning theory
67. According to Pavlov, a conditioned response is:
A) An involuntary response to a previously neutral stimulus
B) A learned emotional reaction
C) An instinctive behavior
D) A genetic trait
Answer: A) An involuntary response to a previously neutral stimulus
68. Which of the following is a key factor in effective team communication in healthcare?
A) Limiting the number of team members
B) Open and respectful communication among all team members
C) Avoiding feedback from colleagues
D) Ignoring conflicts
Answer: B) Open and respectful communication among all team members
69. Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A) A child learns to say “please” after being rewarded with a treat
B) A dog salivates at the sound of a bell
C) A student observes another person’s behavior
D) A baby cries when they are hungry
Answer: A) A child learns to say “please” after being rewarded with a treat
70. The National Health Insurance Policy in Ghana aims to:
A) Provide free healthcare only for children
B) Ensure affordable healthcare for all citizens
C) Improve healthcare access for expatriates only
D) Limit healthcare services
Answer: B) Ensure affordable healthcare for all citizens
71. What is the primary role of healthcare providers in managing conflicts in the workplace?
A) To avoid disagreements at all costs
B) To resolve conflicts in a way that enhances team cooperation and patient care
C) To take sides in disagreements
D) To ignore conflicts and focus on clinical duties
Answer: B) To resolve conflicts in a way that enhances team cooperation and patient care
72. Which of the following is a major cause of workplace stress in healthcare settings?
A) Limited teamwork
B) High workload and demanding schedules
C) Lack of personal protective equipment
D) The presence of social support
Answer: B) High workload and demanding schedules
73. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of:
A) Conscious thoughts and behaviors
B) The unconscious mind and childhood experiences
C) Social interactions in development
D) Cognitive stages
Answer: B) The unconscious mind and childhood experiences
74. Which of the following stages in Erikson’s psychosocial development theory focuses on developing a sense of trust?
A) Identity vs. Role Confusion
B) Trust vs. Mistrust
C) Integrity vs. Despair
D) Initiative vs. Guilt
Answer: B) Trust vs. Mistrust
75. In conflict management, “collaboration” refers to:
A) Ignoring the conflict until it resolves itself
B) Working together to find a mutually beneficial solution
C) Avoiding the other party involved in the conflict
D) Escalating the conflict to upper management
Answer: B) Working together to find a mutually beneficial solution
76. According to the biopsychosocial model, which factors influence a person’s health?
A) Biological, psychological, and social factors
B) Physical appearance and financial status
C) Only biological factors
D) Political views and cultural beliefs
Answer: A) Biological, psychological, and social factors
77. The main purpose of providing psychological counseling to patients is to:
A) Cure all mental health disorders
B) Help individuals understand their feelings and develop coping strategies
C) Provide medication for physical ailments
D) Prevent social interactions
Answer: B) Help individuals understand their feelings and develop coping strategies
78. Socialization in childhood is important because it:
A) Limits cognitive development
B) Helps children learn social norms, values, and behavior
C) Leads to isolation
D) Prevents learning
Answer: B) Helps children learn social norms, values, and behavior
79. What is the function of the superego in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
A) It balances the desires of the id and the reality of the ego
B) It operates based on pleasure principles
C) It helps make rational decisions
D) It provides the moral compass and ethical judgment
Answer: D) It provides the moral compass and ethical judgment
80. Conflict in healthcare settings can negatively impact:
A) Patient care and staff morale
B) Only the administrative team
C) Only the patients
D) None of the above
Answer: A) Patient care and staff morale
81. The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as its members is called:
A) Socialization
B) Motivation
C) Memory
D) Learning
Answer: A) Socialization
82. Freud’s theory of personality development includes the following stages EXCEPT:
A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Genital
D) Behavioral
Answer: D) Behavioral
83. The term “nature” in psychology refers to:
A) Environmental influences on development
B) Genetic and biological factors affecting development
C) The physical world around us
D) Educational experiences
Answer: B) Genetic and biological factors affecting development
84. The term “nurture” in psychology refers to:
A) Inherited genetic traits
B) The care provided by healthcare workers
C) Environmental influences, including education and social interactions, that shape behavior
D) Physical growth
Answer: C) Environmental influences, including education and social interactions, that shape behavior
85. In Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development, the stage “Identity vs. Role Confusion” occurs during:
A) Early childhood
B) Adolescence
C) Late adulthood
D) Infancy
Answer: B) Adolescence
86. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the preoperational stage is characterized by:
A) Logical thinking and the ability to perform mental operations
B) Egocentrism and symbolic thought
C) Abstract reasoning
D) The use of concrete logic
Answer: B) Egocentrism and symbolic thought
87. The main idea of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that:
A) All needs are equally important
B) Basic needs must be met before higher-level psychological needs can be achieved
C) Safety needs are the highest priority
D) Physical needs are unimportant
Answer: B) Basic needs must be met before higher-level psychological needs can be achieved
88. The sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory is important because:
A) Children learn through abstract thought
B) It involves learning through physical interaction with the environment
C) Children develop language
D) It involves moral development
Answer: B) It involves learning through physical interaction with the environment
89. Which of the following is a defense mechanism as defined by Freud?
A) Reinforcement
B) Repression
C) Accommodation
D) Social learning
Answer: B) Repression
90. Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development was based on:
A) Emotional responses
B) The reasoning behind moral decisions
C) Behavioral rewards
D) Genetic predispositions
Answer: B) The reasoning behind moral decisions
91. Freud believed that personality is divided into three components. These are the:
A) Id, ego, and superego
B) Conscious, unconscious, and subconscious
C) Biological, social, and environmental
D) Preoperational, operational, and formal operational
Answer: A) Id, ego, and superego
92. Which theory suggests that human behavior is influenced by reinforcements and punishments?
A) Social learning theory
B) Operant conditioning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Psychoanalytic theory
Answer: B) Operant conditioning
93. In classical conditioning, a conditioned response is produced by:
A) A stimulus that naturally produces that response
B) Pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces the response
C) Cognitive thought processes
D) Genetic inheritance
Answer: B) Pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces the response
94. Which of the following describes socialization in healthcare?
A) A focus on technical skills alone
B) Learning how to interact with patients, colleagues, and healthcare systems
C) Avoiding contact with team members
D) Only providing medical care to patients
Answer: B) Learning how to interact with patients, colleagues, and healthcare systems
95. The primary goal of conflict management in healthcare settings is to:
A) Increase competition among staff
B) Improve patient care outcomes by resolving disputes effectively
C) Avoid communication with other staff members
D) Ignore conflicts until they resolve themselves
Answer: B) Improve patient care outcomes by resolving disputes effectively
96. Social learning theory emphasizes that people learn behaviors by:
A) Observing and imitating others
B) Punishments and rewards
C) Genetic predisposition
D) Avoiding social interactions
Answer: A) Observing and imitating others
97. The key difference between short-term and long-term memory is:
A) Short-term memory stores information for a brief period, while long-term memory stores information indefinitely
B) Long-term memory is only used during childhood
C) Short-term memory stores facts, while long-term memory stores emotions
D) There is no difference between them
Answer: A) Short-term memory stores information for a brief period, while long-term memory stores information indefinitely
98. The concrete operational stage in Piaget’s theory is characterized by the ability to:
A) Think abstractly
B) Perform logical operations on concrete objects
C) Engage in symbolic play
D) Make moral decisions
Answer: B) Perform logical operations on concrete objects
99. Motivation is best described as:
A) A biological need for survival
B) The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior
C) A cognitive challenge
D) Physical reflexes
Answer: B) The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior
100. Intrinsic motivation refers to:
A) Motivation driven by external rewards
B) Motivation that comes from within, such as personal satisfaction
C) The desire to gain approval from others
D) A response to environmental factors
Answer: B) Motivation that comes from within, such as personal satisfaction
101. According to Erikson, the psychosocial challenge during middle adulthood is:
A) Autonomy vs. Shame
B) Identity vs. Role Confusion
C) Generativity vs. Stagnation
D) Initiative vs. Guilt
Answer: C) Generativity vs. Stagnation
102. A healthcare team functions best when members:
A) Work independently without communication
B) Collaborate and communicate openly to achieve the best outcomes for patients
C) Avoid addressing disagreements
D) Focus only on technical skills without considering teamwork
Answer: B) Collaborate and communicate openly to achieve the best outcomes for patients
103. A nurse who uses therapeutic communication focuses on:
A) Providing technical information only
B) Establishing trust and building rapport with the patient
C) Giving medical instructions without listening to the patient’s concerns
D) Talking to the family instead of the patient
Answer: B) Establishing trust and building rapport with the patient
104. The hospital as a social system refers to:
A) A clinical setting with no impact on social interactions
B) The hospital’s role in shaping interactions, relationships, and behaviors of staff and patients
C) The administrative functions of the hospital
D) None of the above
Answer: B) The hospital’s role in shaping interactions, relationships, and behaviors of staff and patients
105. Social factors that influence health include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Education level
B) Cultural beliefs
C) Income and economic status
D) Genetic predispositions
Answer: D) Genetic predispositions
106. Behaviorism emphasizes:
A) The role of unconscious processes in behavior
B) Learning through environmental interaction and reinforcement
C) The role of emotions in decision-making
D) Genetics as the primary driver of behavior
Answer: B) Learning through environmental interaction and reinforcement
107. Conflict in a healthcare setting can arise due to:
A) Differences in values, miscommunication, or competition among team members
B) Positive collaboration among staff
C) Consistent communication
D) A lack of workload
Answer: A) Differences in values, miscommunication, or competition among team members
108. Which of the following is a component of effective conflict management in healthcare?
A) Ignoring disagreements
B) Encouraging open communication and working towards a solution
C) Escalating conflicts without discussion
D) Limiting communication among team members
Answer: B) Encouraging open communication and working towards a solution
109. Moral development in children, according to Kohlberg, is assessed by:
A) The behavior of children in social situations
B) The reasoning behind their decisions when faced with moral dilemmas
C) The emotional responses of children to rewards
D) Genetic factors
Answer: B) The reasoning behind their decisions when faced with moral dilemmas
110. The biopsychosocial model in healthcare emphasizes:
A) Only biological factors affect health
B) The interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in determining health outcomes
C) The sole influence of genetics on health
D) Environmental factors as the only contributor to illness
Answer: B) The interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in determining health outcomes
111. A nurse practicing reflective listening in communication will:
A) Focus on their own feelings
B) Listen actively and paraphrase the patient’s concerns to ensure understanding
C) Provide medical advice without considering the patient’s emotions
D) Avoid eye contact with the patient
Answer: B) Listen actively and paraphrase the patient’s concerns to ensure understanding
112. The id in Freud’s theory is driven by:
A) Reality and rationality
B) Moral principles
C) Basic drives and desires for instant gratification
D) Social norms and values
Answer: C) Basic drives and desires for instant gratification
113. According to Erikson, trust vs. mistrust is the primary psychosocial challenge in:
A) Adolescence
B) Infancy
C) Middle adulthood
D) Early childhood
Answer: B) Infancy
114. Which of the following describes conflict resolution strategies?
A) Escalating disagreements without addressing them
B) Avoiding conversations about the conflict
C) Using collaboration, compromise, and negotiation to resolve disagreements
D) Limiting communication with team members
Answer: C) Using collaboration, compromise, and negotiation to resolve disagreements
115. The conscious mind in Freud’s theory contains:
A) Repressed thoughts and desires
B) Thoughts and feelings we are actively aware of
C) Genetic memories
D) Unresolved childhood conflicts
Answer: B) Thoughts and feelings we are actively aware of
116. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs places the need for self-actualization at:
A) The base of the hierarchy
B) The top of the hierarchy
C) The level immediately after physiological needs
D) The same level as safety needs
Answer: B) The top of the hierarchy
117. The primary goal of palliative care is to:
A) Cure all diseases
B) Provide comfort and improve the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses
C) Reduce healthcare costs
D) Focus only on the physical needs of the patient
Answer: B) Provide comfort and improve the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses
118. Self-esteem refers to:
A) An individual’s sense of their own value and worth
B) Physical health
C) The ability to solve problems quickly
D) Financial success
Answer: A) An individual’s sense of their own value and worth
119. In healthcare, effective teamwork requires:
A) Limited communication among team members
B) Collaboration, open communication, and mutual respect among healthcare professionals
C) Assigning all tasks to one team member
D) Competition among the team
Answer: B) Collaboration, open communication, and mutual respect among healthcare professionals
120. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the ego is responsible for:
A) Seeking immediate gratification
B) Mediating between the demands of the id, superego, and reality
C) Enforcing moral principles
D) Storing unconscious desires
Answer: B) Mediating between the demands of the id, superego, and reality
121. The term “social role” refers to:
A) An individual’s biological characteristics
B) The expectations for behavior associated with a specific position in society
C) An individual’s emotions
D) A person’s financial status
Answer: B) The expectations for behavior associated with a specific position in society
122. Which theory suggests that individuals learn behaviors by observing others and imitating them?
A) Social learning theory
B) Operant conditioning
C) Psychoanalytic theory
D) Cognitive development theory
Answer: A) Social learning theory
123. In Piaget’s theory, children in the preoperational stage exhibit:
A) Egocentrism and lack of logical thought
B) Concrete operational thinking
C) The ability to reason abstractly
D) Full mastery of conservation tasks
Answer: A) Egocentrism and lack of logical thought
124. Cognitive development refers to:
A) Physical changes during childhood
B) The development of thought processes such as memory, problem-solving, and decision-making
C) Emotional growth
D) Social skills development
Answer: B) The development of thought processes such as memory, problem-solving, and decision-making
125. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the superego is responsible for:
A) Seeking pleasure and immediate gratification
B) Balancing reality with moral and ethical principles
C) Acting on the pleasure principle
D) Storing unconscious desires
Answer: B) Balancing reality with moral and ethical principles
126. Socialization in nursing involves:
A) Learning only medical techniques
B) Adopting the norms, behaviors, and values of the nursing profession
C) Working in isolation from other healthcare professionals
D) Avoiding interaction with patients
Answer: B) Adopting the norms, behaviors, and values of the nursing profession
127. A nurse using therapeutic communication focuses on:
A) Speaking without listening to the patient
B) Building rapport and fostering trust with the patient through active listening and empathy
C) Providing only technical information
D) Giving orders to the patient
Answer: B) Building rapport and fostering trust with the patient through active listening and empathy
128. The ego in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is responsible for:
A) The unconscious mind
B) Mediating between the id’s desires and the superego’s moral principles
C) Only seeking pleasure
D) Instinctual behavior
Answer: B) Mediating between the id’s desires and the superego’s moral principles
129. Learning theories help explain how people acquire:
A) Only biological traits
B) Behaviors, skills, knowledge, and attitudes
C) Genetic characteristics
D) Unconscious desires
Answer: B) Behaviors, skills, knowledge, and attitudes
130. Conflict within a healthcare team can be effectively managed by:
A) Avoiding the conflict
B) Open communication, negotiation, and collaboration
C) Ignoring disagreements until they escalate
D) Limiting communication between team members
Answer: B) Open communication, negotiation, and collaboration
131. Which of the following best describes Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
A) It focuses on cognitive changes over time
B) It emphasizes social and emotional development through stages across the lifespan
C) It is primarily concerned with physical growth
D) It deals with unconscious desires
Answer: B) It emphasizes social and emotional development through stages across the lifespan
132. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is at the top of the pyramid?
A) Safety needs
B) Physiological needs
C) Self-actualization
D) Esteem needs
Answer: C) Self-actualization
133. Memory refers to the ability to:
A) Solve mathematical problems
B) Retain and retrieve information over time
C) Perform physical tasks
D) Develop emotional responses
Answer: B) Retain and retrieve information over time
134. Intrinsic motivation is driven by:
A) External rewards and recognition
B) Internal satisfaction and personal goals
C) Fear of punishment
D) External pressure from others
Answer: B) Internal satisfaction and personal goals
135. The purpose of therapeutic communication is to:
A) Improve technical efficiency in healthcare
B) Establish a relationship that fosters trust and emotional support for the patient
C) Limit patient interaction
D) Provide medical advice without listening to the patient
Answer: B) Establish a relationship that fosters trust and emotional support for the patient
136. Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by:
A) Jean Piaget
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) B.F. Skinner
Answer: C) Ivan Pavlov
137. In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus produces a(n):
A) Unconditioned response
B) Conditioned response
C) Neutral response
D) Reflexive thought
Answer: A) Unconditioned response
138. Erikson’s stage of “Industry vs. Inferiority” occurs during:
A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Middle childhood
D) Adolescence
Answer: C) Middle childhood
139. The term self-esteem refers to:
A) An individual’s self-worth or value
B) A person’s intelligence level
C) How much money a person earns
D) A person’s physical health
Answer: A) An individual’s self-worth or value
140. The sick role concept refers to:
A) The expectations placed on individuals who are ill
B) The duties of healthcare professionals
C) A person’s financial responsibilities
D) An individual’s immune system response
Answer: A) The expectations placed on individuals who are ill
141. Personality development refers to:
A) The development of physical traits
B) The formation of enduring patterns of thought, behavior, and emotions
C) Changes in body size
D) The development of cognitive skills only
Answer: B) The formation of enduring patterns of thought, behavior, and emotions
142. Social learning theory emphasizes the role of:
A) Direct punishment and rewards
B) Observing and imitating the behavior of others
C) Unconscious thought processes
D) Only verbal communication
Answer: B) Observing and imitating the behavior of others
143. The nursing process involves the following steps EXCEPT:
A) Assessment
B) Diagnosis
C) Administration
D) Evaluation
Answer: C) Administration
144. Motivation is defined as:
A) A desire for physical activity
B) A process that directs behavior toward achieving a goal
C) A response to external punishment
D) An involuntary reflex
Answer: B) A process that directs behavior toward achieving a goal
145. Memory storage refers to:
A) The act of erasing information
B) The retention of information over time
C) The process of gathering information through the senses
D) Physical growth during childhood
Answer: B) The retention of information over time
146. In Freud’s theory, the id is primarily concerned with:
A) Reality and logic
B) Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
C) Moral principles
D) Social norms
Answer: B) Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
147. The biopsychosocial model suggests that health and illness are influenced by:
A) Only biological factors
B) A combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
C) Environmental conditions only
D) Genetics alone
Answer: B) A combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
148. In operant conditioning, behavior is shaped by:
A) Unconscious desires
B) Rewards and punishments
C) Observational learning
D) Abstract reasoning
Answer: B) Rewards and punishments
149. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?
A) Taking away privileges as a punishment
B) Giving praise for completing a task
C) Ignoring bad behavior
D) Giving a warning for breaking rules
Answer: B) Giving praise for completing a task
150. Conflict resolution in healthcare settings is most successful when:
A) The conflict is ignored
B) Team members engage in open communication and collaboration
C) Only one side is considered
D) The conflict is escalated to management without discussion
Answer: B) Team members engage in open communication and collaboration
151. In Freud’s theory, the ego serves to:
A) Act on moral principles
B) Balance the desires of the id with the moral standards of the superego
C) Seek instant gratification
D) Store unconscious thoughts
Answer: B) Balance the desires of the id with the moral standards of the superego
152. Social factors that influence health include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Education level
B) Cultural values
C) Income
D) Genetic inheritance
Answer: D) Genetic inheritance
153. Socialization in nursing helps new nurses to:
A) Avoid communication with other healthcare professionals
B) Adopt the professional norms, values, and skills required to function within the healthcare system
C) Limit interaction with patients
D) Work independently without the need for a healthcare team
Answer: B) Adopt the professional norms, values, and skills required to function within the healthcare system
154. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs places physiological needs as:
A) The highest level of the hierarchy
B) The foundation and most basic level
C) The least important needs
D) Social needs
Answer: B) The foundation and most basic level
155. Learning is defined as:
A) A change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
B) An innate response
C) A temporary increase in mental activity
D) A genetic process
Answer: A) A change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
156. The formal operational stage in Piaget’s theory is characterized by:
A) Concrete reasoning skills
B) Abstract and hypothetical thinking
C) Egocentrism
D) The development of language
Answer: B) Abstract and hypothetical thinking
157. Intrinsic motivation is most closely related to:
A) A desire for external rewards
B) Internal satisfaction and personal goals
C) Social pressure
D) Avoidance of failure
Answer: B) Internal satisfaction and personal goals
158. Conflict management in healthcare is important because it:
A) Encourages competition among team members
B) Improves communication, teamwork, and patient care outcomes
C) Limits collaboration
D) Leads to reduced teamwork
Answer: B) Improves communication, teamwork, and patient care outcomes
159. A key component of therapeutic communication is:
A) Giving orders to patients without listening
B) Active listening and empathy toward the patient’s concerns
C) Avoiding interaction with the patient
D) Ignoring the patient’s emotional needs
Answer: B) Active listening and empathy toward the patient’s concerns
160. In Erikson’s theory, the psychosocial challenge of adolescence is:
A) Autonomy vs. Shame
B) Identity vs. Role Confusion
C) Initiative vs. Guilt
D) Trust vs. Mistrust
Answer: B) Identity vs. Role Confusion
161. In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the conventional stage is characterized by:
A) Decisions based on rewards and punishments
B) Following social rules and laws to maintain order
C) Abstract ethical reasoning
D) Immediate gratification
Answer: B) Following social rules and laws to maintain order
162. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that before seeking self-actualization, an individual must first satisfy:
A) Love and belonging needs
B) Physiological and safety needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Self-fulfillment needs
Answer: B) Physiological and safety needs
163. The preconventional stage in Kohlberg’s moral development theory is motivated by:
A) Social order
B) The desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards
C) Internalized moral values
D) Abstract reasoning
Answer: B) The desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards
164. Self-actualization refers to:
A) Achieving one’s full potential and personal growth
B) Meeting basic survival needs
C) Gaining approval from others
D) Following social norms
Answer: A) Achieving one’s full potential and personal growth
165. According to Piaget, children in the sensorimotor stage learn through:
A) Abstract reasoning
B) Interaction with their environment and sensory experiences
C) Observing others
D) Moral decision-making
Answer: B) Interaction with their environment and sensory experiences
166. Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of conflict management in healthcare?
A) Improving teamwork
B) Reducing stress among team members
C) Creating more competition between team members
D) Enhancing communication
Answer: C) Creating more competition between team members
167. Operant conditioning involves:
A) Learning through rewards and punishments
B) Learning through observation
C) Unconscious processes
D) Reflecting on past experiences
Answer: A) Learning through rewards and punishments
168. Classical conditioning is best described as:
A) Learning through direct consequences
B) Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
C) Observing others and copying their behavior
D) A biological process
Answer: B) Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
169. Social factors influencing health include:
A) Income, education, and social support systems
B) Only genetics
C) Diet and exercise
D) Personality traits
Answer: A) Income, education, and social support systems
170. Self-concept refers to:
A) An individual’s perception of themselves, including their strengths and weaknesses
B) How others perceive an individual
C) Only the physical appearance of a person
D) One’s social roles in society
Answer: A) An individual’s perception of themselves, including their strengths and weaknesses
171. According to Freud, the unconscious mind contains:
A) Thoughts, memories, and desires that are not readily accessible
B) All memories from childhood
C) Only rational thoughts
D) Genetic information
Answer: A) Thoughts, memories, and desires that are not readily accessible
172. Personality development involves:
A) Only biological processes
B) A combination of genetic, environmental, and social influences
C) Immediate responses to external stimuli
D) Only cognitive development
Answer: B) A combination of genetic, environmental, and social influences
173. In Erikson’s psychosocial stages, the crisis of Integrity vs. Despair occurs during:
A) Adolescence
B) Infancy
C) Late adulthood
D) Middle adulthood
Answer: C) Late adulthood
174. According to Piaget, concrete operational thinking occurs during which stage of development?
A) Infancy
B) Adolescence
C) Middle childhood
D) Early childhood
Answer: C) Middle childhood
175. Stress is best defined as:
A) A biological need for sleep
B) A physical, emotional, or mental response to perceived challenges or threats
C) The body’s response to exercise
D) A genetic trait
Answer: B) A physical, emotional, or mental response to perceived challenges or threats
176. Reflective listening is a communication technique that involves:
A) Giving advice without understanding the patient’s concerns
B) Listening carefully and summarizing what the patient has said to ensure understanding
C) Focusing on medical details only
D) Avoiding eye contact during conversations
Answer: B) Listening carefully and summarizing what the patient has said to ensure understanding
177. In Freud’s theory, the superego is responsible for:
A) The reality principle
B) Immediate gratification of desires
C) Internalizing societal and moral standards
D) Managing unconscious desires
Answer: C) Internalizing societal and moral standards
178. Intrinsic motivation comes from:
A) External rewards such as money or praise
B) Internal satisfaction, personal goals, and enjoyment of tasks
C) The desire to avoid punishment
D) Peer pressure
Answer: B) Internal satisfaction, personal goals, and enjoyment of tasks
179. The primary purpose of therapeutic communication is to:
A) Give detailed medical instructions
B) Foster trust, empathy, and understanding between the healthcare provider and the patient
C) Limit communication to avoid conflict
D) Focus only on technical aspects of treatment
Answer: B) Foster trust, empathy, and understanding between the healthcare provider and the patient
180. The sick role, as described by Talcott Parsons, involves:
A) Behaviors and obligations expected of individuals who are ill
B) The duties of healthcare professionals
C) A person’s role in society
D) Avoiding treatment for illnesses
Answer: A) Behaviors and obligations expected of individuals who are ill
181. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?
A) Removing a privilege after bad behavior
B) Praising someone for completing a task
C) Ignoring a positive behavior
D) Punishing a child for not doing homework
Answer: B) Praising someone for completing a task
182. Socialization in healthcare refers to:
A) Learning only technical procedures
B) Adopting the values, attitudes, and behaviors necessary for professional practice
C) Avoiding communication with other team members
D) Isolating patients from care providers
Answer: B) Adopting the values, attitudes, and behaviors necessary for professional practice
183. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs places self-esteem needs:
A) At the base of the hierarchy
B) Between safety and self-actualization needs
C) At the same level as physiological needs
D) Above self-actualization
Answer: B) Between safety and self-actualization needs
184. In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the postconventional stage involves:
A) Obedience to authority and avoidance of punishment
B) Understanding universal ethical principles that apply to all people
C) Following societal rules strictly
D) Seeking rewards for good behavior
Answer: B) Understanding universal ethical principles that apply to all people
185. The concept of social role refers to:
A) An individual’s emotional state
B) The behaviors expected of an individual in a specific social position
C) Biological changes during development
D) Genetic inheritance
Answer: B) The behaviors expected of an individual in a specific social position
186. Freud’s theory of personality includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Instincts
Answer: D) Instincts
187. Social learning theory emphasizes the role of:
A) Genetic predisposition in learning
B) Observational learning and imitation of others’ behavior
C) Punishment and rewards only
D) Cognitive development
Answer: B) Observational learning and imitation of others’ behavior
188. The formal operational stage in Piaget’s theory involves the ability to:
A) Think abstractly and hypothetically
B) Solve simple concrete problems only
C) Develop motor skills
D) Learn through direct observation only
Answer: A) Think abstractly and hypothetically
189. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, physiological needs include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Food
B) Water
C) Shelter
D) Self-esteem
Answer: D) Self-esteem
190. Erikson’s psychosocial stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation typically occurs during:
A) Infancy
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood
Answer: C) Middle adulthood
191. Which of the following is NOT a component of effective conflict resolution?
A) Active listening
B) Ignoring the other party’s point of view
C) Open communication
D) Seeking mutual understanding
Answer: B) Ignoring the other party’s point of view
192. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on the:
A) Reality principle
B) Pleasure principle
C) Morality principle
D) Cognitive principle
Answer: B) Pleasure principle
193. The biopsychosocial model considers health to be the result of:
A) Only biological factors
B) A combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
C) Environmental influences alone
D) Physical activity only
Answer: B) A combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
194. Short-term memory is responsible for:
A) Storing information for long periods
B) Temporarily holding information for immediate use
C) Storing genetic information
D) Processing emotional responses
Answer: B) Temporarily holding information for immediate use
195. Conflict in healthcare teams can result from:
A) Poor communication and differences in values or goals
B) Excellent teamwork
C) Consistent collaboration
D) Reduced stress
Answer: A) Poor communication and differences in values or goals
196. Motivation can best be described as:
A) A biological need for physical exercise
B) A psychological force that drives behavior toward achieving a goal
C) A response to environmental factors only
D) An instinctual reaction to fear
Answer: B) A psychological force that drives behavior toward achieving a goal
197. Erikson’s stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs during:
A) Adolescence
B) Infancy
C) Early childhood
D) Late adulthood
Answer: C) Early childhood
198. The nursing process is a systematic method that involves:
A) Teaching, diagnosis, and therapy
B) Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
C) Diagnosis and administration only
D) Documentation and supervision
Answer: B) Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
199. According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning at the conventional level is based on:
A) Personal desires
B) Rewards and punishment
C) Upholding laws and social rules
D) Biological impulses
Answer: C) Upholding laws and social rules
200. Self-actualization refers to the:
A) Need for safety and security
B) Fulfillment of one’s potential and personal growth
C) Desire for social relationships
D) Basic physiological needs
Answer: B) Fulfillment of one’s potential and personal growth
201. Which of the following is a characteristic of psychosocial development in Erikson’s theory?
A) It focuses on the unconscious mind
B) It emphasizes social and emotional challenges throughout the lifespan
C) It is based on classical conditioning
D) It only deals with cognitive changes
Answer: B) It emphasizes social and emotional challenges throughout the lifespan
202. Reinforcement in operant conditioning increases the likelihood of:
A) Avoiding a behavior
B) Repeating a behavior
C) Ignoring a behavior
D) Unconscious desires
Answer: B) Repeating a behavior
203. The concept of reflective practice in healthcare involves:
A) Reviewing and evaluating one’s own actions and decisions to improve future practice
B) Avoiding self-assessment
C) Only focusing on patient outcomes
D) Relying on others for feedback
Answer: A) Reviewing and evaluating one’s own actions and decisions to improve future practice
204. Intrinsic motivation is most likely to occur when:
A) A person is motivated by external rewards
B) A person is motivated by internal satisfaction and personal goals
C) There is a fear of punishment
D) The motivation comes from societal pressure
Answer: B) A person is motivated by internal satisfaction and personal goals
205. In conflict management, which strategy focuses on collaboration to reach a solution beneficial to all parties?
A) Avoidance
B) Compromise
C) Competition
D) Cooperation
Answer: D) Cooperation
206. Self-esteem in Maslow’s hierarchy refers to:
A) The need for food and water
B) The need for respect, self-worth, and accomplishment
C) The need for safety and security
D) The need for social connections
Answer: B) The need for respect, self-worth, and accomplishment
207. Learning is defined as:
A) A permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
B) A temporary state of cognitive awareness
C) A genetic process
D) An innate response to stimuli
Answer: A) A permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience
208. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs places safety needs immediately above:
A) Physiological needs
B) Self-actualization
C) Social needs
D) Esteem needs
Answer: A) Physiological needs
209. The formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory is characterized by the ability to:
A) Use abstract reasoning and think hypothetically
B) Think in simple, concrete terms only
C) Solve basic arithmetic problems
D) Focus solely on egocentric thoughts
Answer: A) Use abstract reasoning and think hypothetically
210. In Freud’s theory, the id is driven by:
A) Moral principles
B) The desire for immediate pleasure and avoidance of pain
C) Rational decision-making
D) Social norms
Answer: B) The desire for immediate pleasure and avoidance of pain
